Pretreatment of wastepaper and pulp mill sludge by aqueous ammonia and hydrogen peroxide

Pretreatment of two different softwood-based lignocellulosic wastes (newsprint and Kraft pulp mill sludge) was investigated. Pretreatment was done by aqueous ammonia and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), two delignifying reagents that are environmentally benign. Three different treatment schemes were employed: aqueous ammonia alone (ammonia recycled percolation [ARP]), mixed stream of aqueous ammonia and H₂O₂ and successive treatment with H₂O₂ and aqueous ammonia. In all cases there was a substantial degree of delignification ranging from 30 to 50%. About half of the hemicellulose sugars were dissolved into the process effluent. Retention of cellulose after pretreatment varied from 85 to 100% for newspaper feedstock and from 77 to 85% for the pulp mill sludge. After treatment with aqueous ammonia alone (ARP), the digestibility of newspaper and the pulp mill sludge was improved only by 5% (from 40 to 45% for the former and from 68 to 73% for the latter), despite a substantial degree of delignification occurring after the ARP process. The lign in content thus did not correlate with the digestibility for these substrates. Simultaneous treatment with H₂O₂ and aqueous ammonia did not bring about any significant improvement in the digestibility over that of the ARP. A succcessive treatment by H₂O₂ and ARP showed the most promise because it improved the digestibility of the newspaper from 41 to 75%, a level comparable to that of α-cellulose.     

电极法-标准系列加入回收法测定污水中氨态氮

研究了在污水样中加入一系列铵标准溶液进行离子选择电极测定氨态氮的新方法,采用奈恩斯特新关系式进行回归运算。使样品和标准完全处于同一条件下测定,从而消除了污水中大量基体对测定影响,提高了方法的准确性。     

氮气/氨气的高压快脉冲放电光谱研究

本文测量了氮气、氨气及其混合气体的快脉冲放电等离子体的光谱,用光谱分析方法研究了等离子体成分及其与气压和配比的关系,并讨论了在制备氮化物时使用氮、氨混合气体的有利之处。     

NxHy-Fe(x=0～2,y=0～3)配位簇的DFT计算

采用杂化密度泛函（ＤＦＴ）之Ｂ３ＬＹＰ／６－３１１Ｇ＊＊方法研究了ＮｘＨｙ－Ｆｅ（ｘ＝０～２,ｙ＝０～３）配位簇的几何结构和振动光谱,讨论了在纯铁催化剂上,氮分子和氢分子逐步合成氨的反应机理,结果表明,合成氨过程可能经历Ｎ２和Ｎ２Ｈ２物种,在优化结构的基础上,计算了各个模型的振动频率并解释了有关实验结果。     

Binding energies and electronic structures of Cu(OH2)n and Cu(NH3)n (n=1–4): anomaly of the two ligand Cu complexes

Ab initio calculations up to MP4(SDTQ) level and density functional theory have been used to estimate binding energies and electronic structures of Cu⁺(L)_n (L=OH₂, NH₃, n=1–4) complexes using TZP basis set types. The computed binding energies agree well with experimental values. General trends in structures and energetics are recorded for both Cu⁺(OH₂)_n and Cu⁺(NH₃)_n systems. The first two ligands are more strongly bound to Cu⁺ than the third and fourth molecules. The 4s–3dσ hybridization and electrostatic interactions are the main factors behind the higher binding energies for the first two ligands. Analysis of HOMO mixed orbitals in the copper ion as well as in complexes indicates shrinking of the orbital lobes directed to the ligand with shrinking more effective in the two ligand system. The lower binding energies for the third and fourth ligands were attributed to the attenuation of sdσ hybridization and decreasing of Cu–L attraction at long separation which is necessary to relieve Cu–L and L–L exchange repulsions. NBO analysis and charge-model calculations support the presence of sdσ hybridization and electron transfer to the copper ion in case of the first two ligands.     

抗硫性芳烃加氢催化剂研究进展

因环保立法限制,芳烃加氢日益受到重视.本文简述了芳烃加氢的热力学及动力学行为,归纳总结了不同的抗硫性芳烃加氢催化剂类型及其加氢机理.鉴于硫中毒对过渡金属催化剂性质的复杂影响,对过渡金属催化剂的硫中毒做了较为详尽的阐述.     

A Gas-Phase Model for the Pt+-Catalyzed Coupling of Methane and Ammonia

What exactly are the elementary steps in the Pt-catalyzed coupling of methane and ammonia (Degussa process) shown on the right? Mass spectrometry and ab initio theory have been used to probe the mechanistic details of this technically important synthesis of hydrogen cyanide.     

基于激光吸收光谱技术的农田氨挥发研究

氨挥发是农田氮素向环境输出的重要途径,也是我国空气中PM2.5形成的主要因素,给环境和农业生产带来了诸多不利影响。传统的农田氨挥发测定大多依赖酸吸收法,但因采样时间长、劳动量大,难以获取氨挥发日内动态变化规律。基于开放光程可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术进行田间痕量氨气测定时,测量精度高、选择性好、系统响应速度快,不需要复杂的采样操作,就可以实现激光发射器与反射镜之间数十至数百米的高时间分辨率的氨气浓度原位快速监测。其与微气象反向拉格朗日随机扩散模型相结合(TDLAS-BLS法)是目前农业源氨挥发监测技术领域的研究热点。通过田间试验,分析比较TDLAS-BLS法与微气象水平通量积分法(IHF法)测定的氨挥发速率及氨挥发损失结果,实现对TDLAS-BLS法测定大面积农田氨挥发的可靠性验证。利用监测获取的高时间分辨率数据研究冬小麦追肥期氨挥发日内变化规律及影响因素。结果表明:TDLAS-BLS法和IHF法测定农田氨挥发速率基本一致(斜率为0.97,R2=0.97,n=14),TDLAS-BLS法测定氨挥发速率仅比IHF法低3%,总氨挥发损失仅低6%,证明TDLAS-BLS法可用于冬小麦追肥期大面积农田氨挥发监测中。冬小麦追肥期白天氨浓度明显高于夜间,且受风速波动影响,氨浓度瞬时波动较大。氨挥发速率在追肥后缓慢升高,施肥后第6天出现氨挥发速率峰值8.9 kg N·ha^-1·d^-1,随后逐渐降低,至第15天与背景接近。氨挥发损失主要集中在施肥后的第5~8 d(79~175 h),该时段氨挥发损失占总氨挥发损失的69%。整个监测期间TDLAS-BLS法测定总氨挥发损失为8.8 kg N·ha-1(占施氮量6.3%),较低的损失量与沟施覆土的施肥方式及低温、低光照强度有关。TDLAS-BLS法实现了在线监测大面积农田氨挥发日内变化规律,高时间分辨率数据可更准确地评估气象因素对氨挥发的影响。冬小麦追肥期氨挥发日内波动较大,存在明显的昼高夜低变化规律,与温度、风速、光照有很高的相符性。相关分析表明风速、光照、土壤温度、降水都与氨挥发有显著相关性,异常天气下主导气象因素(如降水)是氨挥发主要控制因素。     

Carbon nanotubes growth from C2H2 and C2H4/NH3 by catalytic LCVD on supported iron–carbon nanocomposites

We report about the synthesis of carbon nanotubes by catalytic LCVD (C-LCVD), using a CW CO₂ laser and alternatively, C₂H₂/C₂H₄/NH₃ and C₂H₂/C₂H₄-containing gas mixtures. Different core–shell Fe–C nanocomposites (as synthesized and toluene extracted) were used employed as catalysts. The nanotubes grown from Fe–C residue demonstrate the lowest mean diameters. Prevalent curled and coiled morphologies are obtained for the CNTs grown in the presence of ammonia.     

锌原卟啉与儿童铅中毒和贫血关系的研究

[目的 ]探讨锌原卟啉测定诊断儿童铅中毒与贫血可能性。 [方法 ]测定了 2 3 5名儿童血ZPP、Hb、BPb。 [结果 ]ZPP值 2 3 9± 1 0 2 μg/gHb ,增高率 1 3 61 % ;血铅水平 8 94± 4 62 μg/dL ,铅中毒率 41 0 7%。Hb平均浓度 1 1 2 5 0± 1 0 5 5g/L ,贫血患病率 3 1 48%。ZPP与Hb呈高度负相关 (P <0 0 1 ) ,与BPb无相关性 (P >0 0 5 )。血铅水平正常组与铅中毒组ZPP值差异无显著意义(P >0 0 5 )。Hb正常组与贫血组ZPP值差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 1 )。 [结论 ]ZPP升高可作为缺铁性贫血的诊断指标 ,但在血铅水平较低的地区 ,则不宜用ZPP作为儿童铅中毒的筛查指标。